Journal
NATURE
Volume 565, Issue 7740, Pages 490-+Publisher
NATURE RESEARCH
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0839-y
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Funding
- Finnish Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology of Primary Producers (Academy of Finland CoE program) [271832]
- Gatsby Foundation [GAT3395/PR3]
- University of Helsinki [799992091]
- European Research Council Advanced Investigator Grant SYMDEV [323052]
- NSF-BBSRC [MCSB 1517058]
- ERC Consolidator grant (PLANTSTEMS)
- Heisenberg Professorship of the German Research Foundation (DFG) [GR2104/5-1, SFB 873]
- Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) [VIDI-864.13.001]
- Research Foundation -Flanders (FWO) [G0D0515N, 12D1815N]
- JSPS
- JSPS KAKENHI [17K15138, JP16J00131]
- Swiss National Science Foundation Postdoc Mobility Grant [P300P3_147894]
- JSPS Research Fellowship for Young Scientists
- Bayer Science and Education Foundation
- German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD)
- Finnish Academy of Science
- Herchel Smith Postdoctoral Research Fellowship (Herchel Smith Fund)
- BBSRC [BB/N013158/1, BB/L023555/1, BB/M019837/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- MRC [MR/M008975/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF) [P300P3_147894] Funding Source: Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF)
- Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [17K15138] Funding Source: KAKEN
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Apical growth in plants initiates upon seed germination, whereas radial growth is primed only during early ontogenesis in procambium cells and activated later by the vascular cambium(1). Although it is not known how radial growth is organized and regulated in plants, this system resembles the developmental competence observed in some animal systems, in which pre-existing patterns of developmental potential are established early on(2,3). Here we show that in Arabidopsis the initiation of radial growth occurs around early protophloem-sieve-element cell files of the root procambial tissue. In this domain, cytokinin signalling promotes the expression of a pair of mobile transcription factors-PHLOEM EARLY DOF 1 (PEAR1) and PHLOEM EARLY DOF 2 (PEAR2)-and their four homologues (DOF6, TMO6, OBP2 and HCA2), which we collectively name PEAR proteins. The PEAR proteins form a short-range concentration gradient that peaks at protophloem sieve elements, and activates gene expression that promotes radial growth. The expression and function of PEAR proteins are antagonized by the HD-ZIP III proteins, well-known polarity transcription factors(4)-the expression of which is concentrated in the more-internal domain of radially non-dividing procambial cells by the function of auxin, and mobile miR165 and miR166 microRNAs. The PEAR proteins locally promote transcription of their inhibitory HD-ZIP III genes, and thereby establish a negative-feedback loop that forms a robust boundary that demarks the zone of cell division. Taken together, our data establish that during root procambial development there exists a network in which a module that links PEAR and HD-ZIP III transcription factors integrates spatial information of the hormonal domains and miRNA gradients to provide adjacent zones of dividing and more-quiescent cells, which forms a foundation for further radial growth.
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