Journal
ACS NANO
Volume 10, Issue 11, Pages 10606-10614Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b03800
Keywords
barium titanate nanoparticles; sintering dense ceramics; cold sintering process; thermodynamics
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Funding
- National Science Foundation, as part of the Center for Dielectrics and Piezoelectrics [IIP-1361571, 1361503]
- Div Of Industrial Innovation & Partnersh
- Directorate For Engineering [1361503] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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The sintering process is an essential step in taking particulate materials into dense ceramic materials. Although a number of sintering techniques have emerged over the past few years, the sintering process is still performed at high temperatures. Here we establish a protocol to achieve dense ceramic solids at extremely low temperatures (<200 degrees C) via integrating the particle nanotechnology into the recently developed cold sintering process (CSP). The sintering path has been appropriately tailored via effectively utilizing the large surface-to-volume ratio of nanoparticles. BaTiO3 ceramics have been used for the illustration, given its importance in extensive electronic device applications, as well as its scientific interest, being a model material for many of the ferroelectric materials. Together with detailed experimental studies, the trends are also analyzed with a fundamental thermodynamic consideration. Such an impactful technique could have widespread application prospects in a wide variety of materials and would also provide a clear roadmap to guide future studies on ultralow-temperature ceramic sintering, ceramic materials related integration, and sustainable manufacturing practices.
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