Journal
MOLECULES
Volume 23, Issue 10, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102681
Keywords
amide C-Nbond activation; nickel catalysis; amidation; DFT study; reaction thermodynamics
Funding
- Zhejiang University
- Chinese Thousand Youth Talents Plan
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) [21702182]
- Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
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Nickel catalysis has shown remarkable potential in amide C-N bond activation and functionalization. Particularly for the transformation between ester and amide, nickel catalysis has realized both the forward (ester to amide) and reverse (amide to ester) reactions, allowing a powerful approach for the ester and amide synthesis. Based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we explored the mechanism and thermodynamics of Ni/IPr-catalyzed amidation with both aromatic and aliphatic esters. The reaction follows the general cross-coupling mechanism, involving sequential oxidative addition, proton transfer, and reductive elimination. The calculations indicated the reversible nature of amidation, which highlights the importance of reaction thermodynamics in related reaction designs. To shed light on the control of thermodynamics, we also investigated the thermodynamic free energy changes of amidation with a series of esters and amides.
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