Journal
MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REVIEWS
Volume 82, Issue 4, Pages -Publisher
AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY
DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.00028-18
Keywords
Enterobacteriaceae; biofilms; extracellular DNA; amyloid; curli; Toll-like receptors; innate immunity; autoimmunity; neurodegenerative diseases; Escherichia coli; Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium; extracellular matrix
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Funding
- NIAID NIH HHS [R56 AI125429, R21 AI132996, R21 AI126133] Funding Source: Medline
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Biofilms of enteric bacteria are highly complex, with multiple components that interact to fortify the biofilm matrix. Within biofilms of enteric bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella species, the main component of the biofilm is amyloid curli. Other constituents include cellulose, extracellular DNA, O antigen, and various surface proteins, including BapA. Only recently, the roles of these components in the formation of the enteric biofilm individually and in consortium have been evaluated. In addition to enhancing the stability and strength of the matrix, the components of the enteric biofilm influence bacterial virulence and transmission. Most notably, certain components of the matrix are recognized as pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Systemic recognition of enteric biofilms leads to the activation of several proinflammatory innate immune receptors, including the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)/TLR1/CD14 heterocomplex, TLR9, and NLRP3. In the model of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, the immune response to curli is site specific. Although a proinflammatory response is generated upon systemic presentation of curli, oral administration of curli ameliorates the damaged intestinal epithelial barrier and reduces the severity of colitis. Furthermore, curli (and extracellular DNA) of enteric biofilms potentiate the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and promote the fibrillization of the pathogenic amyloid alpha-synuclein, which is implicated in Parkinson's disease. Homologues of curli-encoding genes are found in four additional bacterial phyla, suggesting that the biomedical implications involved with enteric biofilms are applicable to numerous bacterial species.
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