Journal
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
Volume 8, Issue 22, Pages 14244-14251Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b02061
Keywords
dissolution of manganese; graphite; capacity fade; lithium ion; solid electrolyte interphase
Funding
- Center for Electrochemical Energy Science, an Energy Frontier Research Center - U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences
- U.S. Department of Energy by UChicago Argonne, LLC [DE-AC02-06CH11357]
- U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering [KC020105-FWP12152]
- DOE Office of Biological and Environmental Research
- DOE Vehicle Technologies Program (VTP) within the funding of the Applied Battery Research (ABR) for Transportation Program
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Lithium ion batteries utilizing manganese-based, cathodes have received considerable interest in recent years for their lower cost and more favorable environmental friendliness relative to their cobalt counterparts. However, Li ion batteries using these cathodes combined with graphite anodes suffer from severe capacity fading at high operating temperatures. In this paper, we report on how the dissolution of manganese impacts the capacity fading within the Li ion batteries. Our investigation reveals that the manganese dissolves from the cathode, transports to the graphite electrode, and deposits onto the outer surface of the innermost solid-electrolyte interphase layer, which is known to be a mixture of inorganic salts (e.g., Li2CO3, LiF, and Li2O). In this location, the manganese facilitates the reduction of the electrolyte and the subsequent formation of lithium-containing products on the graphite, which removes lithium ions from the normal operation of the cell and thereby induces the severe capacity fade.
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