Eco-Layouts in Water Distribution Systems

To achieve maximum efficiency in water pressurized transport, it is necessary to perform a global analysis, whenever possible starting from the system's conception. The first stage of the process is the network layout, the main topic of this paper. The optimum topology from an energy point of view (or eco-layout) is the one that, insofar as is feasible, allows equalizing the network's pressure to the set pressure standards. Eco-layouts can be easily designed in new systems but are difficult to implement, mainly in the short term, in operating networks. Nevertheless, because no system is eternal, the required actions can be gradually implemented. Therefore, the main goal of this paper is to identify and discuss these guidelines and actions, some of which are apparently contradictory to current design criteria, whereas others endorse modern management trends. These strategies can be summarized in two points: (1)providing lower pressure to consumers saves energy, and (2)setting up smaller pressure zones in terms of the elevation steps between zones will enable water companies to supply water at lower pressure in hilly areas. In the end, networks with more-efficient layouts can achieve important energy savings. (C) 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.