Journal
JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE
Volume 38, Issue 44, Pages 9446-9458Publisher
SOC NEUROSCIENCE
DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1676-18.2018
Keywords
basal forebrain population dynamics; cortico-cortical coherence; cholinergic engram of fear; dynamics of encoding and retrieval; signal and noise correlation
Categories
Funding
- National Institutes of Health [R01 MH060013, R01 MH061492, R01 MH060670]
- National Institutes of Health (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) [NS023945]
- Office of Naval Research [MURI N00014-16-1-2832, DURIP N00014-17-1-2304]
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [322014644]
- National Science Foundation [SMA 1041755, IIS 0910485]
- [R01 NS022061]
- [U01]
- [MH109014]
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Based on recent molecular genetics, as well as functional and quantitative anatomical studies, the basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic projections, once viewed as a diffuse system, are emerging as being remarkably specific in connectivity. Acetylcholine (ACh) can rapidly and selectively modulate activity of specific circuits and ACh release can be coordinated in multiple areas that are related to particular aspects of cognitive processing. This review discusses how a combination of multiple new approaches with more established techniques are being used to finally reveal how cholinergic neurons, together with other BF neurons, provide temporal structure for behavior, contribute to local cortical state regulation, and coordinate activity between different functionally related cortical circuits. ACh selectively modulates dynamics for encoding and attention within individual cortical circuits, allows for important transitions during sleep, and shapes the fidelity of sensory processing by changing the correlation structure of neural firing. The importance of this system for integrated and fluid behavioral function is underscored by its disease-modifying role; the demise of BF cholinergic neurons has long been established in Alzheimer's disease and recent studies have revealed the involvement of the cholinergic system in modulation of anxiety-related circuits. Therefore, the BF cholinergic system plays a pivotal role in modulating the dynamics of the brain during sleep and behavior, as foretold by the intricacies of its anatomical map.
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