Simultaneous fat-free isotropic 3D anatomical imaging and T2 mapping of knee cartilage with lipid-insensitive binomial off-resonant RF excitation (LIBRE) pulses

Background Improved knee cartilage morphological delineation and T-2 mapping precision necessitates isotropic 3D high-resolution and efficient fat suppression. Purpose To develop and assess an isotropic 3D lipid-insensitive T-2 mapping technique of the knee for improved cartilage delineation and precise measurement of T-2 relaxation times. Study Type Prospective. Phantom/Subjects Phantoms (n = 6) used in this study were designed to mimic the T-1 and T-2 relaxation times of cartilage and fat. The study cohort comprised healthy volunteers (n = 7) for morphometry and T-2 relaxation time measurements. Field Strength/Sequence A high-resolution isotropic 3D T-2 mapping technique that uses sequential T-2-prepared segmented gradient-recalled echo (Iso3DGRE) images and lipid-insensitive binomial off-resonant radiofrequency (RF) excitation (LIBRE) at 3T. Assessment Numerical simulations and phantom experiments were performed to optimize the LIBRE pulse. Phantom studies were carried out to test the accuracy of the technique against reference standard spin-echo (SE) T-2 mapping. Subsequently, T-2 maps with and without LIBRE pulses were acquired in knees of healthy volunteers and the T-2 relaxation time values in different cartilage compartments were compared. Statistical Tests A two-tailed paired Student's t-test was used to compare the average T-2 values and the relative standard deviations (inverse measurement of the precision) obtained with and without LIBRE pulses. Results A LIBRE pulse of 1 msec suppressed fat with an RF excitation frequency offset of 1560 Hz and optimal RF excitation angle of 35 degrees. These results were corroborated by phantom and knee experiments. Robust and homogeneous fat suppression was obtained (a fat signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) decrease of 86.4 +/- 2.4%). In phantoms, T-2 values were found in good agreement when comparing LIBRE-Iso3DGRE with SE (slope 0.93 +/- 0.04, intercept 0.11 +/- 1.6 msec, R-2 >0.99). In vivo, LIBRE excitation resulted in more precise T-2 estimation (23.7 +/- 7.4%) than normal excitation (30.5 +/- 9.9%, P < 0.0001). Data Conclusion Homogeneous LIBRE fat signal suppression was achieved with a total RF pulse duration of 1 msec, allowing for the removal of chemical shift artifacts and resulting in improved cartilage delineation and precise T-2 values.