Organic Micro/Nanoscale Lasers

Micro/nanoscale lasers that can deliver intense coherent light signals at (sub)wavelength scale have recently captured broad research interest because of their potential applications ranging from on-chip information processing to high-throughput sensing. Organic molecular materials are a promising kind of ideal platform to construct high-performance microlasers, mainly because of their superiority in abundant excited-state processes with large active cross sections for high gain emissions and flexibly assembled structures for high-quality microcavities. In recent years, ever-increasing efforts have been dedicated to developing such organic microlasers toward low threshold, multicolor output, broadband tunability, and easy integration. Therefore, it is increasingly important to summarize this research field and give deep insight into the structureproperty relationships of organic microlasers to accelerate the future development. In this Account, we will review the recent advances in organic miniaturized lasers, with an emphasis on tunable laser performances based on the tailorable microcavity structures and controlled excited-state gain processes of organic materials toward integrated photonic applications. Organic p-conjugated molecules with weak intermolecular interactions readily assemble into regular nanostructures that can serve as high-quality optical microcavities for the strong confinement of photons. On the basis of rational material design, a series of optical microcavities with different structures have been controllably synthesized. These microcavity nanostructures can be endowed with effective four-level dynamic gain processes, such as excited-state intramolecular charge transfer, excited-state intramolecular proton transfer, and excimer processes, that exhibit large dipole optical transitions for strongly active gain behaviors. By tailoring these excited-state processes with molecular/crystal engineering and external stimuli, people have effectively modulated the performances of organic micro/nanolasers. Furthermore, by means of controlled assembly and tunable laser performances, efficient outcoupling of microlasers has been successfully achieved in various organic hybrid microstructures, showing considerable potential for the integrated photonic applications. This Account starts by presenting an overview of the research evolution of organic microlasers in terms of microcavity resonators and energy-level gain. Then a series of strategies to tailor the microcavity structures and excited-state dynamics of organic nanomaterials for the modulation of lasing performances are highlighted. In the following part, we introduce the construction and advanced photonic functionalities of organic-microlaser-based hybrid structures and their applications in integrated nanophotonics. Finally, we provide our outlook on the current challenges as well as the future development of organic microlasers. It is anticipated that this Account will provide inspiration for the development of miniaturized lasers with desired performances by tailoring of excited-state processes and microcavity structures toward integrated photonic applications.