Journal
JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE
Volume 19, Issue 12, Pages 689-697Publisher
LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS
DOI: 10.2459/JCM.0000000000000730
Keywords
cardiac surgery; exercise; heart failure; ischemic heart disease; peripheral artery disease; transcatheter aortic valve implantation
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Cardiac rehabilitation is able to reduce cardiovascular mortality, and improves functional capacity and quality of life. However, cardiac rehabilitation participation rates are low and the current evidence has demonstrated sex differences for the access to cardiac rehabilitation programs. In this review, we discuss the benefits of cardiac rehabilitation in women with a specific focus on ischemic heart disease, heart failure, cardiac rehabilitation after cardiac surgery and after transcatheter aortic valve implantation, and peripheral artery disease. We also analyse the current limitations to cardiac rehabilitation for women in terms of accessibility and indications, reporting general, sex-specific, and healthcare-related barriers. Finally, we discuss the potential solutions and areas of development for the coming years.
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