Journal
JOURNAL OF AUTOMATED REASONING
Volume 63, Issue 4, Pages 1031-1053Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s10817-018-09509-5
Keywords
Cyber-physical systems; Machine learning; Falsification; Temporal logic; Deep learning; Neural networks; Autonomous driving
Categories
Funding
- DARPA BRASS program [FA8750-16-C-0043]
- NSF [CNS-1646208, CNS-1545126, CCF-1837132, CCF-1139138]
- DARPA Assured Autonomy program
- Toyota under the iCyPhy center
- Berkeley Deep Drive
- TerraSwarm - MARCO
- DARPA
- NVIDIA Corporation
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Cyber-physical systems (CPS), such as automotive systems, are starting to include sophisticated machine learning (ML) components. Their correctness, therefore, depends on properties of the inner ML modules. While learning algorithms aim to generalize from examples, they are only as good as the examples provided, and recent efforts have shown that they can produce inconsistent output under small adversarial perturbations. This raises the question: can the output from learning components lead to a failure of the entire CPS? In this work, we address this question by formulating it as a problem of falsifying signal temporal logic specifications for CPS with ML components. We propose a compositional falsification framework where a temporal logic falsifier and a machine learning analyzer cooperate with the aim of finding falsifying executions of the considered model. The efficacy of the proposed technique is shown on an automatic emergency braking system model with a perception component based on deep neural networks.
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