Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside at Low Doses Protected against 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol Induced Testis Injury and Improved Spermatogenesis in Male Rats

In recent decades, the capability of mankind spermatogenesis is declining due to various threats. Anthocyanins as colorful polyphenols possess beneficial functions for the organisms, including Leydig cells, but their effects on male spermatogenesis remain underexplored. In our study, the protective effect of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) was investigated on the 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) caused rat spermatogenic disorders. At low doses, C3G improved the number and motility of the sperms, alleviating the seminiferous tubule injury. Interestingly, C3G showed no influence on sexual hormone but increased the androgen receptor expression. Meanwhile, C3G reduced the oxidative stress and number of apoptotic cells and promoted the integrity of the blood-testis barrier in the testis. Additionally, C3G mediated the activation of p-ERK, p-JNK, and p53, which are related to the protection of Sertoli cells and spermatogenesis. In conclusion, C3G protected against the 3-MCPD caused testis damage and spermatogenic disorders under appropriate doses, which indicates the potential protection of anthocyanins on male reproduction.