Journal
JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY
Volume 66, Issue 43, Pages 11337-11346Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03903
Keywords
Gynostemma pentaphyllum; saponins; inflammation; macrophages; MAPKs; NE-kappa B
Funding
- Science and Technology Project of Guangzhou City [201604020150]
- Scientific Research Projects of the State Administration of traditional Chinese medicine [JDZX2015205]
- Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Department Project [2016A040403105]
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Research Program [YN2016MJ01]
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Saponins, the primary phytochemicals contributing to the health properties of G. pentaphyllum were frequently studied. However, compounds responsible for its bioactivities were still poorly understood. The saponin-rich fraction (GPMS), 3-O-[2G-(E)-Coumaroyl-3G-O-beta-D-glucosyl-3R-O-beta-D-glucosylrutinoside] (KCGG), gypenoside XLVI and gypenoside L were obtained by purification of G. pentaphyllum. The compounds were examined and compared with GPMS for their inhibitory effects on LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production. GPMS and KCGG differed in their inhibitory capacities against pro inflammatory cytokines secretion. GPMS exhibited strong inhibition on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA expression but weak inhibition on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 beta mRNA expression. KCGG was better at inhibiting iNOS, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA expression. GPMS showed similar inhibitory potency on mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) activation, as evidenced by their regulatory effects on LPS-induced P65 phosphorylation, NF-kappa B nuclear translocation, I kappa B alpha phosphorylation and degradation, I kappa K alpha/beta phosphorylation, c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation, P38 phosphorylation, and COX-2 expression. KCGG was more powerful in inhibiting the NF-kappa B pathway, suggesting that KCGG might be used in the management of inflammatory-associated diseases in which NF-kappa B played pivotal roles. Furthermore, KCGG might be mainly responsible for the predominant effects of GPMS.
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