Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
Volume 20, Issue 2, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020269
Keywords
ischemic preconditioning; remote ischemic conditioning; cardiac surgery; cardioprotection; ischemia-reperfusion injury; carvedilol; propofol; sevoflurane
Funding
- National Research Foundation of Korea [2017R1D1A1B030319999/2018014927]
- Seoul National University Hospital [0420160740, 0420160560]
- British Heart Foundation [FS/10/039/28270]
- National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre
- Duke-National University Singapore Medical School
- Singapore Ministry of Health's National Medical Research Council [NMRC/CSA-SI/0011/2017]
- Collaborative Centre Grant [NMRC/CGAug16C006]
- Singapore Ministry of Education Academic Research Fund [MOE2016-T2-2-021]
- COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) [CA16225]
- MRC [MC_G1002673] Funding Source: UKRI
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The effects of remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) in cardiac surgery have been inconsistent. We investigated whether anesthesia or beta-blockers interfere with RIPC cardioprotection. Fifty patients undergoing cardiac surgery were randomized to receive limb RIPC (four cycles of 5-min of upper arm cuff inflation/deflation) in the awake state (no-anesthesia; n = 17), or under sevoflurane (n = 17) or propofol (n = 16) anesthesia. In a separate crossover study, 11 healthy volunteers received either carvedilol or no medication prior to RIPC. Plasma dialysates were obtained and perfused through an isolated male Sprague-Dawley rat heart subjected to 30-min ischemia/60-min reperfusion, following which myocardial infarct (MI) size was determined. In the cardiac surgery study, pre-RIPC MI sizes were similar among the groups (39.7 +/- 4.5% no-anesthesia, 38.9 +/- 5.3% sevoflurane, and 38.6 +/- 3.6% propofol). However, post-RIPC MI size was reduced in the no-anesthesia group (27.5 +/- 8.0%; p < 0.001), but not in the anesthesia groups (35.7 +/- 6.9% sevoflurane and 35.8 +/- 5.8% propofol). In the healthy volunteer study, there was a reduction in MI size with RIPC in the no-carvedilol group (41.7 +/- 4.3% to 30.6 +/- 8.5%; p < 0.0001), but not in the carvedilol group (41.0 +/- 4.0% to 39.6 +/- 5.6%; p = 0.452). We found that the cardioprotective effects of limb RIPC were abolished under propofol or sevoflurane anesthesia and in the presence of carvedilol therapy.
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