The Role of the TGF Receptor Signaling Pathway in Adult Beta Cell Proliferation

Diabetes is a global epidemic and affects millions of individuals in the United States. Devising novel treatments for diabetes continues to be a great medical challenge. Postnatal beta cell growth or compensation is largely attributed to beta cell proliferation, which declines continuously with age. To boost beta cell proliferation to regenerate an adequate functional mass, there is a need to understand the signaling pathways that regulate beta cell proliferation for creating practical strategies to promote the process. Transforming growth factor (TGF) belongs to a signaling superfamily that governs pancreatic development and the regeneration of beta cells after pancreatic diseases. TGF exerts its functions by activation of downstream Smad proteins and through its crosstalk with other pathways. Accumulating data demonstrate that the TGF receptor signaling pathway also participates in the control of beta cell proliferation. This review details the role of the TGF receptor signaling pathway in beta cell proliferation physiologically and in the pathogenesis of diabetes.