Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
Volume 19, Issue 11, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113632
Keywords
Brassica napus; evolutionary selection pressure; expression pattern; flowering time
Funding
- Modern Agro-Industry Technology Research System of China [CARS-12]
- National Key Research and Development Plan [2016YFD0101305]
- National Science Foundation of China [31871653, 31571701]
- Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing [cstc2018jcyjAX0347]
- Ministry of Agriculture Experimental Observation of the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Oil Crop Science Station [09203020]
- Sichuan Crop Breeding Community
- Innovation Ability Promotion Project of Sichuan Provincial Finance [2016zypz-013]
- Sichuan Province Innovation Team Funding
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Flowering time is a key agronomic trait, directly influencing crop yield and quality. Many flowering-time genes have been identified and characterized in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana; however, these genes remain uncharacterized in many agronomically important Brassica crops. In this study, we identified 1064, 510, and 524 putative orthologs of A.thaliana flowering-time genes from Brassica napus, Brassica rapa, and Brassica oleracea, respectively, and found that genes involved in the aging and ambient temperature pathways were fewer than those in other flowering pathways. Flowering-time genes were distributed mostly on chromosome C03 in B. napus and B. oleracea, and on chromosome A09 in B. rapa. Calculation of non-synonymous (Ka)/synonymous substitution (Ks) ratios suggested that flowering-time genes in vernalization pathways experienced higher selection pressure than those in other pathways. Expression analysis showed that most vernalization-pathway genes were expressed in flowering organs. Approximately 40% of these genes were highly expressed in the anther, whereas flowering-time integrator genes were expressed in a highly organ-specific manner. Evolutionary selection pressures were negatively correlated with the breadth and expression levels of vernalization-pathway genes. These findings provide an integrated framework of flowering-time genes in these three Brassica crops and provide a foundation for deciphering the relationship between gene expression patterns and their evolutionary selection pressures in Brassica napus.
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