Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
Volume 19, Issue 12, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123964
Keywords
naphthalimide-metal complex conjugates; N-heterocyclic carbene; mitochondria; ROS; p38 MAPK; apoptosis; cancer
Funding
- Landesgraduiertenforderung (LGF) fellowship program for individual doctoral training from Heidelberg University
- DAAD doctoral fellowship
- BMBF (SysToxChip) [FKZ 031A303E]
- DFG [CH 1690/2-1]
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Baden-Wurttemberg Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universitat Heidelberg
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The p38 MAPK pathway is known to influence the anti-tumor effects of several chemotherapeutics, including that of organometallic drugs. Previous studies have demonstrated the important role of p38 both as a regulator and a sensor of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Investigating the anti-cancer properties of novel 1,8-naphthalimide derivatives containing Rh(I) and Ru(II) N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands, we observed a profound induction of ROS by the complexes, which is most likely generated from mitochondria (mtROS). Further analyses revealed a rapid and consistent activation of p38 signaling by the naphthalimide-NHC conjugates, with the Ru(II) analoguetermed MC6showing the strongest effect. In view of this, genetic as well as pharmacological inhibition of p38, attenuated the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of MC6 in HCT116 colon cancer cells, highlighting the involvement of this signaling molecule in the compound's toxicity. Furthermore, the influence of MC6 on p38 signaling appeared to be dependent on ROS levels as treatment with general- and mitochondria-targeted anti-oxidants abrogated p38 activation in response to MC6 as well as the molecule's cytotoxic- and apoptogenic response in HCT116 cells. Altogether, our results provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms of naphthalimide-metal NHC analogues via the ROS-induced activation of p38 MAPK, which may have therapeutic interest for the treatment of various cancer types.
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