Journal
INTERNATIONAL GEOLOGY REVIEW
Volume 61, Issue 15, Pages 1864-1875Publisher
TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC
DOI: 10.1080/00206814.2018.1564073
Keywords
Graphite; X-ray diffraction; Raman spectroscopy; carbon isotopes; southern Sao Francisco Craton; metamorphism; hydrothermalism
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Funding
- Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior - Brasil (CAPES) [001]
- FAPEMIG [APQ-00654-16]
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In the mines of the Nacional de Grafite Company around Itapecerica (Minas Gerais), located in the southern Sao Francisco Craton, occurs a supracrustal succession of high-grade metamorphic rocks including quartzite, garnet-biotite gneiss, and graphite schist formed in the Palaeoproterozoic (2.0 Ga). During metamorphic processes, organic matter was progressively transformed into graphite. From four graphite samples of three different mines (two samples from high-grade metamorphic graphite schist and two generated by hydrothermal recrystallization of the graphite schist), the origin and formation temperature of this mineral was obtained by C isotopes, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy. The values of delta C-13 range between -21.23 and -27.89 parts per thousand, indicating that the source of the graphite was a primitive biogenic carbon material. High-grade metamorphic graphites show average temperatures around 729 degrees C, while hydrothermal recrystallizated graphites (vein-graphites) show temperatures around 611 degrees C by XRD, which correspond to granulite- to amphibolite facies conditions. The hydrothermal process with percolation of C-O-H fluids leads to a decrease in the crystal size along stacking direction (Lc((002))) when compared with the previously formed high-grade metamorphism graphites. An update of the current tectonic model about the collisional process during Rhyacian-Orosirian orogeny in the Sao Francisco Craton is proposed to insert the formation of the Itapecerica graphite-rich metasedimentary sequence.
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