Journal
INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
Volume 126, Issue -, Pages 287-301Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.10.027
Keywords
Eugenol; Double emulsion; Optimization; Ethyl cellulose; Response surface methodology; Essential oils
Categories
Funding
- European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through COMPETE2020 - Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalizacao (POCI) [POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006939, UID/EQU/00511/2013]
- national funds through FCT - Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia
- North Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE 2020), under the Portugal 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) [NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000005 - LEPABE-2-ECO-INNOVATION]
- Northern Regional Operational Program (NORTE 2020) through Portugal 2020 [NORTE-08-5369-FSE-000028]
- European Social Fund (ESF)
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Eugenol, a substance found in plant essential oils, exhibits significant health benefits due to its antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anesthetic, and even anticancerogenic properties. Nevertheless, eugenol is light, heat and oxygen sensitive which limits its applications at an industrial scale and for practical uses. Considering these drawbacks, this study aimed to microencapsulate eugenol by double emulsion solvent evaporation technique. A response surface methodology was applied to obtain eugenol-loaded ethyl cellulose microparticles. Optimal encapsulation conditions were found considering a polymer concentration of 32.1 g/L and a surfactant concentration of 1.1% w/w. The microparticles obtained under the optimized encapsulation conditions provided the maximization of both eugenol encapsulation efficiency and the product yield to 94.7 +/- 1.0% and 82.0 +/- 11.2%, respectively. The obtained powder was characterized regarding wettability, thermogravimetric stability, thermal transitions, morphology and particle size distribution. In vitro release studies were performed using simulated gastrointestinal fluids. Microparticles obtained under optimized conditions showed to be spherical, presenting smooth but porous surfaces. The particle size distribution was narrow, and the mean particle size was 11.4 +/- 1.1 mu m. The release stimulation of eugenol in in vitro gastrointestinal transit revealed that this compound was favorably protected in the simulated salivary and gastric fluids. The highest release of eugenol was observed in the simulated intestinal fluid and was much higher than the minimum amount of eugenol that exhibits positive biological effects. This work demonstrates the promising possibility of incorporation of eugenol in ethyl cellulose polymer-based microparticles to potentiate added-value properties of functional foods and nutraceuticals.
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