Monitoring and modeling of household air quality related to use of different Cookfuels in Paraguay

In Paraguay, 49% of the population depends on biomass (wood and charcoal) for cooking. Residential biomass burning is a major source of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon monoxide (CO) in and around the household environment. In July 2016, cross-sectional household air pollution sampling was conducted in 80 households in rural Paraguay. Time-integrated samples (24 hours) of PM2.5 and continuous CO concentrations were measured in kitchens that used wood, charcoal, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), or electricity to cook. Qualitative and quantitative household-level variables were captured using questionnaires. The average PM2.5 concentration (mu g/m(3)) was higher in kitchens that burned wood (741.7 +/- 546.4) and charcoal (107.0 +/- 68.6) than in kitchens where LPG (52.3 +/- 18.9) or electricity (52.0 +/- 14.8) was used. Likewise, the average CO concentration (ppm) was higher in kitchens that used wood (19.4 +/- 12.6) and charcoal (7.6 +/- 6.5) than in those that used LPG (0.5 +/- 0.6) or electricity (0.4 +/- 0.6). Multivariable linear regression was conducted to generate predictive models for indoor PM2.5 and CO concentrations (predicted R-2 = 0.837 and 0.822, respectively). This study provides baseline indoor air quality data for Paraguay and presents a multivariate statistical approach that could be used in future research and intervention programs.