Journal
IMMUNITY
Volume 50, Issue 1, Pages 195-+Publisher
CELL PRESS
DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.12.021
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Funding
- SystemsX grant from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) [SNSF 31003A_173156, SNSF (31003A-166161)]
- SNSF [31003A_173156, 31003A-166161, 320030-152856, 310030-179459, CRSII3-160708, 310030_159598, 310030B_179570]
- Swiss Cancer League (SCL) [KFS-3971-08-2016]
- SCL [KFS-3601-02-2015, KFS-4407-02-2018]
- Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF) [31003A_166161, 31003A_173156, 310030_159598, 310030B_179570] Funding Source: Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF)
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Checkpoint blockade mediates a proliferative response of tumor-infiltrating CD8(+) T lymphocytes (TILs). The origin of this response has remained elusive because chronic activation promotes terminal differentiation or exhaustion of tumor-specific T cells. Here we identified a subset of tumor-reactive TILs bearing hallmarks of exhausted cells and central memory cells, including expression of the checkpoint protein PD-1 and the transcription factor Tcf1. Tcf1(+)PD-1(+) TILs mediated the proliferative response to immunotherapy, generating both Tcf1(+)PD-1(+) and differentiated Tcf1(-)PD-1(+) cells. Ablation of Tcf1(+)PD-1(+) TILs restricted responses to immunotherapy. Tcf1 was not required for the generation of Tcf1(+)PD-1(+) TILs but was essential for the stem-like functions of these cells. Human TCF1(+)PD-1(+) cells were detected among tumor-reactive CD8(+) T cells in the blood of melanoma patients and among TILs of primary melanomas. Thus, immune checkpoint blockade relies not on reversal of T cell exhaustion programs, but on the proliferation of a stem-like TIL subset.
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