Arrhythmias in myocarditis: State of the art

Many kinds of arrhythmias may occur in patients with myocarditis at any stage of the disease. However, compared to the other clinical presentations, arrhythmic myocarditis has been poorly described in the literature. Arrhythmias occurring in either ongoing or previous myocardial inflammation are complex and heterogeneous, and the disease itself is often underdiagnosed, thus limiting data collection and interpretation. However, different from the other clinical presentations, arrhythmic myocarditis requires specific diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic considerations. The aim of this review is to critically summarize the state of the art on myocarditis presenting with arrhythmias in terms of epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.