Journal
ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL
Volume 121, Issue -, Pages 824-831Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.10.014
Keywords
Hydraulic fracturing (HF); Flowback and produced water (FPW); Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH); Nuclear receptor binding activity; Endocrine disruption
Categories
Funding
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Collaborative Research and Development (CRD) [CRDPJ 469308-14]
- Encana Corporation
- Canada Research Chair program
- 2012 High Level Foreign Experts program - State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs, the P.R. China [GDT20143200016]
- Einstein Professor Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and a Distinguished Visiting Professorship in the School of Biological Sciences of the University of Hong Kong
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Potential effects of horizontal drilling combined with high-volume hydraulic fracturing (HF) have drawn significant public concern, especially on the handling, treatment, and disposal of HF flowback and produced water (HF-FPW). Previous studies indicated HF-FPW could significantly disrupt biotransformation and expressions of genes related to the endocrine system. This study focused on effects of organic extracts of HF-FPW on receptor binding activity using several transactivation assays. Six HF-FPW samples were collected from 2 wells (Well A and Well B, 3 time points at each well). These were separated by filtration into aqueous (W) and particulate (S) phases, and organics were extracted from all 12 subsamples. Of all the tested fractions, sample B1-S had the greatest Sigma(13)PAII (11,000 ng/L) and B3-S has the greatest Sigma(4)alkyl-PAHs (16,000 ng/L). Nuclear receptor binding activity of all the extracts on aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), estrogen receptor (ER), and androgen receptor (AR) were screened using H4IIE-/uc, MVLN-/uc, and MDA-kb2 cells, respectively. FPWs from various HF wells exhibited distinct nuclear receptor binding effects. The strongest AhR agonist activity was detected in B3-S, with 450 +/- 20 mu g BaP/L equivalency at 5 x exposure. The greatest ER agonist activity was detected in A1-W, with 5.3 +/- 0.9 nM E2 equivalency at 10 x exposures. There is a decreasing trend in ER agonist activity from A1 to A3 in both aqueous and particulate fractions from Well A, while there is an increasing trend in ER agonist activity from B1 to B3 in aqueous fractions from Well B. This study provides novel information on the sources of endocrine disruptive potentials in various HF-FPW considering both temporal and spatial variability. Results suggest that reclamation or remediation and risk assessment of HF-FPW spills likely requires multiple strategies including understanding the properties of each spill with respect to fractured geological formation and physiochemical properties of the injected fluid.
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