Journal
CURRENT OPINION IN RHEUMATOLOGY
Volume 31, Issue 1, Pages 53-61Publisher
LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS
DOI: 10.1097/BOR.0000000000000564
Keywords
autoimmunity; sex bias; sex-dependent gene regulation; vestigial like family member 3; X chromosome
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Funding
- University of Michigan Babcock Endowment Fund
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) [5T32AR007197-40, R01-AR071384, R01-AR069071]
- A. Alfred Taubman Medical Research Institute Parfet Emerging Scholar Award
- Kenneth and Frances Eisenberg Emerging Scholar Award
- Rheumatology Research Foundation Career Development K Supplement Award
- Doris Duke Physician Scientist Development Award
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Purpose of review To give an overview of recently published articles addressing the mechanisms underlying sex bias in autoimmune disease. Recent findings Recent studies investigating the origins of sex bias in autoimmune disease have revealed an extensive and interconnected network of genetic, hormonal, microbial, and environmental influences. Investigation of sex hormones has moved beyond profiling the effects of hormones on activity and prevalence of immune cell types to defining the specific immunity-related genes driving these changes. Deeper examination of the genetic content of the X and Y chromosomes and genetic escapees of X chromosome inactivation has revealed some key drivers of female-biased autoimmunity. Animal studies are offering further insights into the connections among microbiota, particularly that of the gut, and the immune system. Summary Sex bias in autoimmune disease is the manifestation of a complex interplay of the sex chromosomes, sex hormones, the microbiota, and additional environmental and sociological factors.
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