P immobilizing materials for lake internal loading control: A review towards future developments

Eutrophication is a continuously growing problem that threatens the water quality of freshwater resources. A relatively simple and effective way to treat eutrophicated waters can be achieved through the application of chemicals. Such chemicals can restore affected waters by immobilizing phosphorus (P) in water and sediments via precipitation or adsorption. However, most chemicals can be ineffective, hazardous to the environment, or costly under certain lake system conditions. Consequentially, there is a need for new alternatives. Accordingly, the authors present a comprehensive review aimed at identifying practical ways to select chemicals to better control P internal loading. Possible routes leading to the development of improved chemicals are also discussed.