Pullback scheme implementation in ORB5

The pullback scheme is implemented in the global gyrokinetic particle-in-cell code ORB5 (Jolliet et al., 2007[1]) to mitigate the cancellation problem in electromagnetic simulations. The equations and the discretisation used by the code are described. Numerical simulations of the Toroidal Alfven Eigenmodes are performed in linear and nonlinear regimes to verify the scheme. A considerable improvement in the code efficiency is observed. For the internal kink mode, it is shown that the pullback mitigation efficiently cures a numerical instability which would make the simulation more costly otherwise. (C) 2018 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.