Photocatalytic degradation of ibuprofen in water using TiO2/UV and g-C3N4/visible light: Study of intermediate degradation products by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry

The photocatalytic degradation of ibuprofen with TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) and UV light and with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) 2D nanosheets and visible light are proposed and compared as advanced oxidation treatments for the removal of ibuprofen in water. By-products formed with both photocatalytic systems have been tentatively identified based on the results of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry, using a quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometer in positive and negative ionization modes, which allowed to obtain the elementary composition of their precursors and fragment ions. The removal of ibuprofen and the byproduct formation were studied at three pH values. Ibuprofen depletion followed pseudo fist-order kinetics with rate constants of 0.04, 1.0 and 0.0006 min t at pH 2.50, 5.05 and 12.04 for TiO2/UV and 0.03, 0.007 and 0.0005 mini at pH 2.51, 5.05 and 1133 for g-C3N4/vis, respectively. Around eighteen byproducts have been detected with slight differences between the two photocatalytic systems studied. The evolution of the main common by-products (tentatively identified as 1-(4-ethylphenyl)-2-methylpropan-1-one, 1-(4-isobutylphenyl)ethan-1-ol, 1-(4-ethylphenyl)-2-methylpropan-1-ol and 1(-4-acetylphenyl)-2-methylpropan-1-one) were monitored and the results were consistent with reaction pathways based on hydroxyl radical attacks following/followed by decarboxylation. Moreover, some byproducts have been reported for the first time in the photocatalytic oxidation of ibuprofen. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.