Journal
BRITISH JOURNAL OF NUTRITION
Volume 121, Issue 2, Pages 202-211Publisher
CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114518003112
Keywords
Vitamin A; Pregnancy; Epidemiological factors; Cohort studies; Carotenoids; Nutritional status
Categories
Funding
- National Counsel of Technological and Scientific Development - CNPq [407255/2013-3]
- Maria Cecilia Souto Vidigal Foundation
- Sao Paulo Research Foundation - FAPESP [2016/00270-6]
- Brazilian Federal Agency for Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education - CAPES [PDSE -88881.133704/2016-01]
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Determining the predictors of serum retinol at mid-pregnancy is relevant for planning interventions aimed at improving vitamin A status of pregnant women and their offspring. This prospective study assessed predictors of serum retinol at the beginning of the third trimester of pregnancy. We enrolled 442 pregnant women living in the urban area of Cruzeiro do Sul, Western Brazilian Amazon. Demographic, socioeconomic, environmental and clinical characteristics as well as obstetric history, anthropometric, dietary and biochemical data, including serum retinol, were gathered between 16 and 20 gestational weeks. Serum retinol also measured at the beginning of the third trimester of pregnancy (approximately 28 gestational weeks) was the outcome of interest. Multiple linear regression models were used to evaluate associations with the outcome. Overall, the following variables explained serum retinol at the beginning of the third trimester of pregnancy in the adjusted model (R-2 = 114 %): seasonality (winter season - November to April; beta= 0.134; 95% CI 0-063, 0.206), weekly consumption of Amazonian fruits (beta = 0.087; 95% CI 0.012, 0.162) and retinol concentrations between 16 and 20 gestational weeks (beta= 0.045; 95% CI 0.016, 0.074) were positively associated, whereas having a smoker in the house was negatively associated (beta=-0.087; 95% CI: -0.166, -0.009). Consumption of pro-vitamin A-rich fruits by pregnant women should be encouraged. Passive smoking may play a role in decreasing vitamin A status as a proxy of smoking exposure during pregnancy.
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