A Review on Fluid-Induced Flag Vibrations

Fluid-induced flag vibrations provide unattended, efficient, low-cost, and scalable solutions for energy harvesting to power distributed wireless sensor nodes, heat transfer enhancement in channel flow, and mixing enhancement in process industries. This review surveys three generic configurations, the inverted flag, the standard flag, and the forced flag, i.e., an inverted or standard flag located downstream of a bluff body. Their instability boundaries, vibration dynamics, and vortex dynamics are compared in a unified framework to elucidate their common and distinct features and provide insights into the design of vibrating flags for various applications. Some common features are also identified and analyzed for describing the interaction between multiple flags, three-dimensional (3D) effects, and Reynolds number effects. The suggestions are intended to guide future research directions.