Journal
AMBIO
Volume 48, Issue 8, Pages 831-854Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s13280-018-1110-3
Keywords
Baltic; Ecosystem services; Eutrophication; Indirect effects; Ocean acidification; Warming
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Funding
- Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
- Hasselblad Foundation
- Swedish Research Council VR
- Swedish Research Council FORMAS [210-2012-2140]
- Nordforsk
- Ebba and Sven Schwartz foundation
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Ocean temperatures are rising; species are shifting poleward, and pH is falling (ocean acidification, OA). We summarise current understanding of OA in the brackish Baltic-Skagerrak System, focussing on the direct, indirect and interactive effects of OA with other anthropogenic drivers on marine biogeochemistry, organisms and ecosystems. Substantial recent advances reveal a pattern of stronger responses (positive or negative) of species than ecosystems, more positive responses at lower trophic levels and strong indirect interactions in food-webs. Common emergent themes were as follows: OA drives planktonic systems toward the microbial loop, reducing energy transfer to zooplankton and fish; and nutrient/food availability ameliorates negative impacts of OA. We identify several key areas for further research, notably the need for OA-relevant biogeochemical and ecosystem models, and understanding the ecological and evolutionary capacity of Baltic-Skagerrak ecosystems to respond to OA and other anthropogenic drivers.
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