Journal
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
Volume 11, Issue 7, Pages 6937-6947Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b18280
Keywords
lithium-ion batteries (LIBs); X-ray diffraction (XRD); high-voltage cathode materials; solid-state reaction
Funding
- National Key RAMP
- D Program of China [2016YFB0100300]
- Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences [XDA09010000]
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Spinel cathode materials (e.g., LiMn2O4 and LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4) with strongly bonded surface coatings are desirable for delivering improved electrochemical performance in long-term cycling. Here, we report that the introduction of bridging ions such as Fe and Co, which can diffuse into both the spinel cathode materials and Li3PO4, the latter is found to cover the spinel surface in the form of dense and uniform particles (similar to 2-3 nm). Detailed structural analysis of the surface reveals that the bridging ions diffuse into the 16c site of the spinel structure to form ion-doped spinel cathode materials, which contribute to the formation of strong bonds between the surface and Li3PO4, possibly via spinel-(surface bridging ions)-Li3PO4 bonds. The critical role of the surface bridging ions is further investigated by heating the as-formed Li3PO4-coated spinel cathode materials (with bridging ions) to high temperatures, resulting in further diffusion of bringing ions from the surface to the interior of the spinel materials and consequently depletion of the surface spinel-(surface bridging ions)-Li3PO4 bonds. This leads to the gradual growth of surface Li3PO4 particles (similar to 20 nm) and the exposure of the spinel surface.
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