Journal
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
Volume 10, Issue 49, Pages 43057-43067Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b15883
Keywords
nanofiltration membrane; cyclobutane tetracarboxylic acid chloride (BTC); decreased porosity; water softening; antifouling
Funding
- Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [15CX02015A, 16CX05009A, 18CX05006A]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [21502227]
- Province Key Research and Development Program of Shandong [2016GSF115032]
- Postdoctoral application Program of Qingdao [T1604013]
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes (Tianjin Polytechnic University) [M1-201601]
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing [SLKZZ-2017009]
- Qingdao Science and Technology Plan Project [176319gxx]
- Shandong Province Major Science and Technology Innovation Project [2018CXGC1002]
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Poly(piperazine-amide)-based nanofiltration membranes exhibit a smooth surface and superior antifouling properties but often have lower Ca2+ nd Mg2+ ejection due to their larger inner micropore and thus cannot be extensively used in water-softening applications. To decrease the pore size of poly(piperazine-amide) membranes, we designed and synthesized a novel monomer, 1,2,3,4-cyclobutane tetracarboxylic acid chloride (BTC), which possesses a smaller molecular conformation than trimesoyl chloride (TMC). The thickness of the prepared BTC piperazine (PIP) polyamide nanofilm via interfacial polymerization is as thin as 15 nm, significantly lower than the SO nm thickness of the TMC PIP nanofilm. The surface characterization reveals that the BTC PIP polyamide membrane exhibits an enhanced hydrophilicity, a smooth surface, and a decreased surface-negative charge. The desalination performance (both rejection and water flux) of these membranes in terms of Ca2+ and Mg2+ exceeds that of the current commercial water-softening membranes. In addition, the BTC PIP polyamide membrane also exhibits superior antifouling properties compared to the TMC-based polyamide membrane. More importantly, molecular simulations show that the BTC PIP membrane has a lower average pore size than that of the TMC-PIP membrane, which demonstrates an enhanced steric hindrance effect, as confirmed by desalination performance. Our results demonstrate that in the household and industrial water-softening market, BTC PIP membrane with decreased porosity, enhanced hydrophilicity, and smooth surface is preferred alternative to the conventional TMC-based polyamide membranes.
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