Extremely intense ELFmagnetosonicwaves: A survey of polar observations

A Polar magnetosonic wave (MSW) study was conducted using 1 year of 1996-1997 data (during solar minimum). Waves at and inside the plasmasphere were detected at all local times with a slight preference for occurrence in the midnight-postmidnight sector. Wave occurrence (and intensities) peaked within similar to 5 degrees of the magnetic equator, with half maxima at similar to 10 degrees. However, MSWs were also detected as far from the equator as +20 degrees and 60 degrees MLAT but with lower intensities. An extreme MSW intensity event of amplitude B-w=similar to 1 nT and E-w=similar to 25 mV/m was detected. This event occurred near local midnight, at the plasmapause, at the magnetic equator, during an intense substorm event, e.g., a perfect occurrence. These results support the idea of generation by protons injected from the plasma sheet into the midnight sector magnetosphere by substorm electric fields. MSWs were also detected near noon (1259 MLT) during relative geomagnetic quiet (low AE). A possible generation mechanism is a recovering/expanding plasmasphere engulfing preexisting energetic ions, in turn leading to ion instability. The wave magnetic field components are aligned along the ambient magnetic field direction, with the wave electric components orthogonal, indicating linear wave polarization. The MSW amplitudes decreased at locations further from the magnetic equator, while transverse whistler mode wave amplitudes (hiss) increased. We argue that intense MSWs are always present somewhere in the magnetosphere during strong substorm/convection events. We thus suggest that modelers use dynamic particle tracing codes and the maximum (rather than average) wave amplitudes to simulate wave-particle interactions.