Characteristics of the Poynting flux and wave normal vectors of whistler-mode waves observed on THEMIS

The characteristics of the Poynting flux and wave normal vectors of whistler-mode waves outside the plasmapause are investigated for the lower (0.1-0.5 fce) and upper bands (0.5-0.8 fce), where fce is the equatorial electron cyclotron frequency. To analyze the wave properties, we utilized high-resolution waveform data from multiple THEMIS spacecraft in the near-equatorial magnetosphere from June 2008 to November 2012. Full measurements of the wave electric and magnetic fields are used to calculate the Poynting fluxes and construct the wave normal vectors, which are then used to calculate the polar and azimuthal angles with respect to the background magnetic field. Statistical results show that the majority of whistler-mode waves propagate away from the magnetic equator, suggesting that the major source region is very close to the equator. The lower band wave normal angle distribution shows a major peak close to the field line direction and a secondary peak near the resonance cone. In contrast, the wave normal distribution of upper band waves exhibits a broad distribution between 0 degrees and 60 degrees with the largest probability at similar to 0 degrees. The azimuthal component of the wave normal vector predominantly points radially outward for both lower and upper band waves, but a tendency for azimuthal propagation is observed for lower band waves in the day and dusk sectors probably due to pronounced azimuthal density gradients in the afternoon sector. Our statistical results provide crucial information on the Poynting fluxes and wave normal vectors of whistler-mode waves, which play a significant role in radiation belt electron dynamics.