Teleseismic magnetic effects (TMDs) of 2011 Tohoku earthquake

Anomalous magnetic variations were observed by ground magnetometers in East Asia area after the 2011 Tohoku earthquake. Some earlier reports showed that the seismo-magnetic variations have obvious amplitude around the epicenter, we emphasis here that the variations can still be notable at stations 2000-4000km away from epicenter, and we define it as teleseismic magnetic disturbances (TMDs). TMDs appear about 8min later after the arrival of seismic Rayleigh waves at teleseismic distances and propagate at a horizontal velocity of 3.90.1km/s. The wave-like TMDs last for no longer than 10min and have a main period of 2.1-3.3min. TMDs are not generated by direct effects of processes in focal area crust or tsunami waves, instead, their properties consist with the Rayleigh wave model of seismo-ionospheric disturbances. Hence, we conclude that the TMDs are the magnetic manifestation of seismotraveling ionospheric disturbances (STIDs) generated by the interaction between the ionosphere and atmosphere through acoustic waves launched by traveling Rayleigh waves. Our findings contribute to the knowledge of seismo-electromagnetic effects in the atmosphere-ionosphere system and further our understanding of couplings between various spheres of the Earth.