4.5 Article

Rapid sample delivery for megahertz serial crystallography at X-ray FELs

Journal

IUCRJ
Volume 5, Issue -, Pages 574-584

Publisher

INT UNION CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
DOI: 10.1107/S2052252518008369

Keywords

X-ray free-electron lasers; FELs; X-ray FEL pulse trains; megahertz repetition rates

Funding

  1. Helmholtz Association
  2. excellence cluster 'The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging-Structure, Dynamics and Control of Matter at the Atomic Scale' of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (CUI) [DFG-EXC1074]
  3. European Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) through the Consolidator Grant COMOTION [ERC-614507-Kupper]
  4. Helmholtz Association 'Initiative and Networking Fund'
  5. Australian Research Council's Discovery Projects funding scheme [DP170100131]
  6. ERC grant 'Frontiers in Attosecond X-ray Science: Imaging and Spectroscopy' (AXSIS) [ERC-2013-SyG 609920]
  7. Helmholtz Association Virtual Institute Dynamic Pathways in Multidimensional Landscapes' [VI 419]
  8. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
  9. Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness [DPI2016-78887]
  10. NSF STC Award 'BioXFEL' [1231306]

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Liquid microjets are a common means of delivering protein crystals to the focus of X-ray free-electron lasers (FELs) for serial femtosecond crystallography measurements. The high X-ray intensity in the focus initiates an explosion of the microjet and sample. With the advent of X-ray FELs with megahertz rates, the typical velocities of these jets must be increased significantly in order to replenish the damaged material in time for the subsequent measurement with the next X-ray pulse. This work reports the results of a megahertz serial diffraction experiment at the FLASH FEL facility using 4.3 nm radiation. The operation of gas-dynamic nozzles that produce liquid microjets with velocities greater than 80 m s(-1) was demonstrated. Furthermore, this article provides optical images of X-ray-induced explosions together with Bragg diffraction from protein microcrystals exposed to trains of X-ray pulses repeating at rates of up to 4.5 MHz. The results indicate the feasibility for megahertz serial crystallography measurements with hard X-rays and give guidance for the design of such experiments.

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