Journal
CURRENT OSTEOPOROSIS REPORTS
Volume 10, Issue 2, Pages 169-177Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s11914-012-0101-8
Keywords
Bone quality; Toughness; Strength; Fracture toughness; Collagen; Structure; Architecture; Microdamage; Porosity; Biomechanics; Fracture risk; AGEs; Osteoporosis; Diabetes; Aging; Finite element analysis; Noncollagenous proteins; Mineral TGF-beta; Crosslinking; Matrix metalloproteinase
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Funding
- National Science Foundation, Department of Defense, Veterans Affairs
- Div Of Civil, Mechanical, & Manufact Inn
- Directorate For Engineering [1069165, 1068988] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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The likelihood of suffering a bone fracture is not solely predicated on areal bone mineral density. As people age, there are numerous changes to the skeleton occurring at multiple length scales (from millimeters to submicron scales) that reduce the ability of bone to resist fracture. Herein is a review of the current knowledge about the role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in this resistance, with emphasis on engineering principles that characterize fracture resistance beyond bone strength to include bone toughness and fracture toughness. These measurements of the capacity to dissipate energy and to resist crack propagation during failure precipitously decline with age. An age-related loss in collagen integrity is strongly associated with decreases in these mechanical properties. One potential cause for this deleterious change in the ECM is an increase in advanced glycation end products, which accumulate with aging through nonenzymatic collagen crosslinking. Potential regulators and diagnostic tools of the ECM with respect to fracture resistance are also discussed.
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