Journal
THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
Volume 6, Issue 4, Pages 237-248Publisher
SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD
DOI: 10.1177/1756285613488434
Keywords
Multiple sclerosis; sex; female; pregnancy; genes; immunology
Categories
Funding
- Novartis
- Sanofi-Aventis
- Biogen Idec, Norway
- Bayer Schering
- BiogenIdec
- MerckSerono
- Sanofi Genzyme
- TEVA
- Bayer Schering Pharma
- EMD Merck Serono
- Genzyme
- Teva Pharmaceuticals
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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is universally found to be more prevalent in women than men. This has led to extensive studies of differences in the immune system or nervous system between women and men, which might be caused by the effects of gonadal hormones, genetic differences, and different environmental exposures and modern lifestyle in men and women. We review the effects of sex and gender from a genetic, immunological and clinical point of view. We discuss the effects of sex on the clinical expression of MS and responses to therapy, as well as issues concerning pregnancy.
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