Towards soil geostatistics

In a brief survey of some issues in the application of geostatistics in soil science it is shown how the recasting of classical geostatistical methods in the linear mixed model (LMM) framework has allowed the more effective integration of soil knowledge (classifications, covariates) with statistical spatial prediction of soil properties. The LMM framework has also allowed the development of models in which the spatial covariance need not be assumed to be stationary. Such models are generally more plausible than stationary ones from a pedological perspective, and when applied to soil data they have been found to give prediction error variances that better describe the uncertainty of predictions at validation sites. Finally consideration is given to how scientific understanding of variable processes in the soil might be used to infer the likely statistical form of the observed soil variation. (C) 2012 Natural Environment Research Council. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.