Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ROBOTICS
Volume 4, Issue 3, Pages 249-262Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s12369-012-0145-z
Keywords
Facial communicative signals; Valence recognition; Head gestures; Eye gaze; Facial expressions; Object teaching; Active appearance models
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Funding
- Honda Research Institute Europe for the project Facial Expressions in Communication
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This paper investigates facial communicative signals ( head gestures, eye gaze, and facial expressions) as nonverbal feedback in human-robot interaction. Motivated by a discussion of the literature, we suggest scenario-specific investigations due to the complex nature of these signals and present an object-teaching scenario where subjects teach the names of objects to a robot, which in turn shall term these objects correctly afterwards. The robot's verbal answers are to elicit facial communicative signals of its interaction partners. We investigated the human ability to recognize this spontaneous facial feedback and also the performance of two automatic recognition approaches. The first one is a static approach yielding baseline results, whereas the second considers the temporal dynamics and achieved classification rates comparable to the human performance.
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