Journal
CURRENT CARDIOLOGY REPORTS
Volume 16, Issue 4, Pages -Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s11886-014-0467-6
Keywords
Estradiol; Testosterone; Androgens; Sex hormone binding globulin; Metabolic syndrome; Diabetes; Endogenous sex hormones; Men; Women
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Funding
- John A Hartford Foundation
- NIH [R01 DK083297]
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Endogenous sex hormones predict impairments of glucose regulation. Cross- sectional studies suggest that lower levels of testosterone in men and higher levels in women increase risk of metabolic syndrome and diabetes, whereas lower levels of sex hormone binding globulin in both men and women increase risk of metabolic syndrome and diabetes. In a systematic review, we summarize existing longitudinal studies, which suggest similar patterns. However, these studies are often limited to a single sex steroid measure. Whether these associations are primarily a marker of adiposity, and whether these associations differ between younger eugonadal vs older hypogonadal adults is also uncertain. The impact of exogenous sex steroid therapy may not reflect relationships between sex hormones and impaired glucose regulation that occur without supplementation. Therefore, examination of endogenous sex steroid trajectories and obesity trajectories within individuals might aid our understanding of how sex steroids contribute to glucose regulation.
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