Journal
BONE & JOINT RESEARCH
Volume 2, Issue 6, Pages 102-111Publisher
BRITISH EDITORIAL SOC BONE JOINT SURGERY
DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.26.2000142
Keywords
Smoking; Bone healing; Systematic review; Fracture healing; Bone healing; Bone repair
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Objectives To review the systemic impact of smoking on bone healing as evidenced within the orthopaedic literature. Methods A protocol was established and studies were sourced from five electronic databases. Screening, data abstraction and quality assessment was conducted by two review authors. Prospective and retrospective clinical studies were included. The primary outcome measures were based on clinical and/or radiological indicators of bone healing. This review specifically focused on non-spinal orthopaedic studies. Results Nine tibia studies and eight other orthopaedic studies were considered for systematic review. Of these 17 studies, 13 concluded that smoking negatively influenced bone healing. Conclusions Smoking has a negative effect on bone healing, in terms of delayed union, nonunion and more complications.
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