Triple-shelled Mn2O3 hollow nanocubes: force-induced synthesis and excellent performance as the anode in lithium-ion batteries

In this paper, we report a novel structure of Mn2O3, the triple-shelled Mn2O3 hollow nanocube, as the anode material for high-energy lithium-ion batteries, synthesized through a programmed annealing treatment with cubic MnCO3 as precursor. This hierarchical structure is developed through the interaction between the contraction force from the decomposition of MnCO3 and the adhesion force from the formation of Mn2O3. The structure has been confirmed by characterization with XRD, FESEM, TEM, and HRTEM. The charge-discharge tests demonstrate that the resulting Mn2O3 exhibits excellent cycling stability and rate capability when evaluated as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. It delivers a reversible capacity of 606 mA h g(-1) at a current rate of 500 mA g(-1) with a capacity retention of 88% and a remaining capacity of 350 mA h g (1) at 2000 mA g (1).