Chronological change of resistance to β-lactams in Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis isolated from broilers in Japan

Epidemiologic surveillance study was conducted in southern Japan to determine the antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and characterize the beta-lactamase genes and the plasmids harboring these genes in Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis (S. Infantis) isolates from broilers. Between January, 2007 and December, 2008, a total of 1,472 fecal samples were collected and examined at the Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Kagoshima University, Japan. In 93 (6.3%) isolates recovered, 33 (35.5%) isolates showed resistance to cefotaxime, an extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC), conferred by TEM-20, TEM-52 and CTX-M-25 extended-spectrum Hactamases (ESBLs). In addition to ESC-resistance, eight (8.6%) isolates exhibited resistance to cefoxitin mediated by CMY-2 AmpC beta-lactamase. Plasmid analysis and polymerase chain reaction replicon typing revealed the bla(TEM-20) and bla(CMY-2) genes were associated with IncP plasmids, bla(TEM-52) was linked with a non-typable plasmid and bla(CTX-M-25) was carried by an IncA/C plasmid. Non-beta-lactam resistance to streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and oxytetracycline encoded by the aadA1, sul1, and tet(A) genes, respectively, was found in 86 (92.5%) isolates. Resistance to kanamycin and ofloxacin was exhibited in 12 (12.9%) and 11 (11.8%) isolates, respectively, the former was mediated by aphA1-lab. These data indicate that S. Infantis isolates producing ESBLs and AmpC beta-lactamase have spread among broiler farms in Japan. These data demonstrated that the incidence of ESC-resistant S. Infantis carrying bla(TEM-52) remarkably increased and S. Infantis strains harboring bla(CMY-2), bla(TEM-20), or bla(CTX-M-25) genes emerged from broilers in Japan for the first time in 2007 and 2008.