Type IVB secretion systems of Legionella and other Gram-negative bacteria

Type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) play a central role in the pathogenicity of many important pathogens, including Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Helicobacter pylori, and Legionella pneumophila. The T4SSs are related to bacterial conjugation systems, and are classified into two subgroups, type IVA (T4ASS) and type IVB (T4BSS). The T4BSS, which is closely related to conjugation systems of Incl plasmids, was originally found in human pathogen L. pneumophila; pathogenesis by L. pneumophila infection requires functional Dot/lcm T4BSS. A zoonotic pathogen, Coxiella burnetii, and an arthropod pathogen, Rickettsiella grylli - both of which carry T4BSSs highly similar to the Legionella Dot/lcm system - are evolutionarily closely related and comprise a monophyletic group. A growing body of bacterial genomic information now suggests that T4BSSs are not limited to Legionella and related bacteria and Incl plasmids. Here, we review the current knowledge on T4BSS apparatus and component proteins, gained mainly from studies on L. pneumophila Dot/lcm T4BSS. Recent structural studies, along with previous findings, suggest that the Dot/lcm T4BSS contains components with primary or higher-order structures similar to those in other types of secretion systems - types II, III, IVA, and VI, thus highlighting the mosaic nature of T4BSS architecture.