Enzyme Production by Solid State Fermentation: General Aspects and an Analysis of the Physicochemical Characteristics of Substrates for Agro-industrial Wastes Valorization

Solid state fermentation (SSF) is being used as a powerful technology for producing various microbial metabolites such as enzymes. The characteristics of this process, such as low risk of contamination, increased yield, utilization of low-cost substrates, processing simplicity, lower energy requirement and decreased waste water production, have made it more attractive than submerged fermentation (SmF). Thus, this mini review aimed to present the general aspects of SSF processes, drawing parallels with SmF processes. The application potential of SSF was determined from data on the production of several metabolites in a comparative analysis with SmF, with a specific focus on enzyme production. The important parameters related to the physicochemical characteristics of agro-industrial wastes used for SSF and their effects on the production of several enzymes are also discussed.