Journal
PHYSICAL REVIEW APPLIED
Volume 4, Issue 2, Pages -Publisher
AMER PHYSICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.4.024020
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Funding
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) via the Doctoral Training Centre in Science and Application of Plastic Electronic Materials at Imperial College London [EP/J500021, EP/I019278, EP/G037515]
- Imperial College
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) [KI-1571/2-1]
- Helmholtz Association via the Helmholtz Energy Alliance Hybrid PV
- Royal Society
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [EP/K029843/1, EP/G031088/1, EP/J017361/1]
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [EP/K029843/1, EP/K030671/1, EP/J500021/1, EP/J021199/1, 1231067, EP/G031088/1, EP/K039946/1, EP/J017361/1] Funding Source: researchfish
- EPSRC [EP/G031088/1, EP/J500021/1, EP/K029843/1, EP/K030671/1, EP/J017361/1, EP/J021199/1, EP/K039946/1] Funding Source: UKRI
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The choice of electrode for organic photovoltaics is known to be of importance to both device stability and performance, especially regarding the open-circuit voltage (V-OC). Here we show that the work function of a nickel oxide anode, varied using an O-2 plasma treatment, has a considerable influence on the open-circuit voltage V-OC of an organic solar cell. We probe recombination in the devices using transient photovoltage and charge extraction to determine the lifetime as a function of charge-carrier concentration and compare the experimental results with numerical drift-diffusion simulations. This combination of experiment and simulations allows us to conclude that the variations in V-OC are due to a change in surface recombination, localized at the NiO anode, although only a small change in carrier lifetime is observed.
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