Journal
NANOMATERIALS
Volume 5, Issue 4, Pages 2148-2168Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/nano5042148
Keywords
upconversion nanoparticles; optical imaging; optical therapy
Categories
Funding
- National Institute of Health [R01MH103133]
- Human Frontier Science Program
- UMass CVIP award
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Lanthanide-doped upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) possess unique anti-Stokes optical properties, in which low energy near-infrared (NIR) photons can be converted into high energy UV, visible, shorter NIR emission via multiphoton upconversion processes. Due to the rapid development of synthesis chemistry, lanthanide-doped UCNPs can be fabricated with narrow distribution and tunable multi-color optical properties. These unique attributes grant them unique NIR-driven imaging/drug delivery/therapeutic applications, especially in the cases of deep tissue environments. In this brief review, we introduce both the basic concepts of and recent progress with UCNPs in material engineering and theranostic applications in imaging, molecular delivery, and tumor therapeutics. The aim of this brief review is to address the most typical progress in basic mechanism, material design as bioimaging tools.
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