Journal
JOURNAL OF GINSENG RESEARCH
Volume 37, Issue 1, Pages 54-63Publisher
KOREAN SOC GINSENG
DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2013.37.54
Keywords
Panax ginseng; Ginsenoside Rd; Inducible nitric oxide synthase; Cyclooxygenase-2; Prostaglandin E-2
Funding
- Korean Society of Ginseng
- Korea Healthcare Technology R&D Project, Ministry for Health, Welfare & Family Affairs, Republic of Korea [A090582]
- Post-Doc Development Program of Pusan National University
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Ginsenoside Rd is a primary constituent of the ginseng rhizome and has been shown to participate in the regulation of diabetes and in tumor formation. Reports also show that ginsenoside Rd exerts anti-oxidative effects by activating anti-oxidant enzymes. Treatment with ginsenoside Rd decreased nitric oxide and prostaglandin E-2 (PGE(2)) in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-challenged RAW264.7 cells and in ICR mouse livers (5 mg/kg LPS; LPS + ginsenoside Rd [2, 10, and 50 mg/kg]). Furthermore, these decreases were associated with the down-regulations of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and of nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B activity in vitro and in vivo. Our results indicate that ginsenoside Rd treatment decreases; 1) nitric oxide production (40% inhibition); 2) PGE(2) synthesis (69% to 93% inhibition); 3) NF-kappa B activity; and 4) the NF-kappa B-regulated expressions of iNOS and COX-2. Taken together, our results suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of ginsenoside Rd are due to the down-regulation of NF-kappa B and the consequent expressional suppressions of iNOS and COX-2.
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