Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH
Volume 8, Issue 3, Pages 629-647Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8030629
Keywords
biomarkers; combined exposure; chemical mixture; occupational exposure
Funding
- Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning (FORMAS)
- Swedish Research Council for Working Life (FAS)
- Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsradet)
- Integrated Assessment of Health Risks of Environmental Stressors in Europe (INTARESE)
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Procedures for risk assessment of chemical mixtures, combined and cumulative exposures are under development, but the scientific database needs considerable expansion. In particular, there is a lack of knowledge on how to monitor effects of complex exposures, and there are few reviews on biomonitoring complex exposures. In this review we summarize articles in which biomonitoring techniques have been developed and used. Most examples describe techniques for biomonitoring effects which may detect early changes induced by many chemical stressors and which have the potential to accelerate data gathering. Some emphasis is put on endocrine disrupters acting via epigenetic mechanisms and on carcinogens. Solid evidence shows that these groups of chemicals can interact and even produce synergistic effects. They may act during sensitive time windows and biomonitoring their effects in epidemiological studies is a challenging task.
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